What are photovoltaic modules?

Photovoltaic modules are made up of a mosaic of solar cells. Here is a description of their main features and of Enel Green Power’s innovative solution. There aren’t any solar panels at a thermodynamic plant, also known as a concentrated solar power station.

How are future photovoltaic modules priced?

Based on these market scenarios, future prices for photovol-taic modules were estimated using the “photovoltaic learn-ing curve,” which builds on the historic experience that with each duplication in the total number of modules produced, the price per module fell by roughly 20 percent.

Where did photovoltaic cost data come from?

Photovoltaic cost data between 1975 and 2003 has been taken from Nemet (2009), between 2004 and 2009 from Farmer & Lafond (2016), and since 2010 from IRENA. Prices from Nemet (2009) and Farmer & Lafond (2016) have been converted to 2024 US$ using the US GDP deflator, to account for the effects of inflation.

How much does a top-five module cost in 2025?

A top-five module maker told OPIS that 2025 loading prices have not meaningfully increased, even with higher upstream costs. Current offers from leading manufacturers of utility-scale projects are in the low-$0.080/W range. The FOB China TOPCon module price for the first-half 2025 loading was at $0.085/W, with values between $0.082-0.087/W.

How much do Topcon modules cost?

One developer source says they are seeing $0.29/W to $0.32/W quoted for TOPCon modules from “preferred” manufacturers in countries subject to the ongoing AD/CVD case, while American producers assembling modules with Indonesian cells are offering prices in the low 0.20s/W.